Think Of Nuclear ...??

Have fun with BlogTelevison[dot]net

2010-01-28T20:26:00.005+07:00

Life is a choice, in this life ... we often face the choice.
Without we realize, our lives are always running and the time is reducing. We work, we school, learning, and also many other activities that consume our time and energy. So we need to have fun and get entertainment.
We need an entertainment to make our life not boring. But, not infrequently...we are very tired to go out and hang out with our friends and our family! So, we need good solution for this problem. Your television might be the best answer for your home entertainment tool. Why? because it doesn't need much strength. You just sit and watch. You only need to subscribe to one of the TV cable or satellite and get hundreds of TV channels around the world in your home.
For the best result, I suggest you to choose DIRECT TV Packages! Because, the quality of the image very good and not disturbed with bad weather. So, you will be very satisfied with DIRECTV Packages.
You can find many provider for Direct TV in internet. Try BlogTelevision.net! this provider offer you the best DIRECTTV Packages with low prices. Just with $29.99 you can get more than 150 TV channels. And you can find other offers and menu like direct offers, programming packages, HD direct, direct DVRs, and even NFL Sunday ticket is also available.
So, what are you waiting for? For your enjoy just try BlogTelevision.net and have fun. :-)

Nuclear Weapon (Iran make Nuke weapon)

2009-11-19T14:06:00.001+07:00

The head of the U.N.'s nuclear watchdog on Sunday described a "shifting of gears" in the controversy over Iran's nuclear program, and said inspectors would visit the country's new uranium processing site Oct. 25.

Dr. Mohammed ElBaradei, director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, spoke in Tehran following talks with Iranian officials over the recently-revealed facility that has caused consternation around to world over the extent and purpose of Iran's nuclear program.

"I see that we are at a critical moment, I see that we are shifting gears from confrontation into transparency and cooperation," said ElBaradei as he announced the new inspection date.

"I hope and trust Iran will be helpful with our inspectors so it is possible for us to be able to assess our verification of the facility as early as possible," he added, while sitting next to Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of Iran's nuclear program.

The news came shortly after The New York Times reported on its Web site Saturday night that, according to a confidential analysis by the U.N.'s nuclear regulatory agency, Iran has obtained "sufficient information" required to design and manufacture an atomic bomb.

While IAEA staff members declare their findings are tentative and require further investigation and confirmation, their conclusions, said the Times, go further than the public statements of the United States and other governments.

The leaked IAEA report, on top of ElBaradei's arrival in Tehran to arrange inspections of recently-revealed nuclear facility in Qom, "is sure to put pressure on the Obama administration to require Iran to disclose the bigger picture of all its uranium enrichment facilities and allow for inspection," said CBS News Foreign Affairs Analyst Pamela Falk, based at the U.N., "and that runs counter to the denials of secrecy coming from Tehran."

The revelation that Iran has been building a new nuclear plant near the holy city of Qom has heightened the concern of the U.S. and many of its allies, which suspect Tehran is using a civilian nuclear program as a cover for developing a weapons-making capability.

Iran denies such an aim, saying it only wants to generate energy.

Suspicion that Iran's newly-revealed nuclear site is meant for military purposes was heightened by its location - at least partly inside a mountain and next to a military base.

President Obama and the leaders of France and Britain accused Iran of keeping the construction hidden from the world for years. The U.S. president said last month that Iran's actions "raised grave doubts" about its promise to use nuclear technology for peaceful purposes only.

"Mr. Obama made a great mistake," said President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, "a historic mistake."

Iran agreed to allow U.N. inspectors into the facility at a landmark meeting with six world powers near Geneva on Thursday that put nuclear talks back on track and included the highest-level bilateral contact with the U.S. in three decades.

"The major breakthrough from the first diplomatic talks between Iran and the U.S. in decades, is that the Iranian government will allow international inspectors into the newly-discovered nuclear facility in Qom, in Iran," Falk said.

"Perhaps buying time, or perhaps heading into a better period of U.S.-Iran relations, Iran's Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki told reporters here at the U.N. that the talks in Geneva were constructive, that they would continue, and that Iran would like a summit level meeting with world powers," said Falk.

Iranian officials argue that under IAEA safeguard rules, a member nation is required to inform the U.N. agency about the existence of a nuclear facility six months before introducing nuclear material into the machines. Iran said the new facility won't be operational for 18 months, and so it has not violated any IAEA requirements.

"Mr. Obama made a great mistake, a historic mistake," Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said on Saturday, claiming that instead of trying to keep the site secret, Iran willfully revealed its existence one year before it was legally required to, "out of respect for law."

"Later it became clear that (Obama's) information was wrong and that we had no secrecy," Ahmadinejad said. White House spokesman Tom Vietor said the administration had no comment on Ahmadinejad's remarks.
On Sunday ElBaradei (left) admitted that the IAEA has "concerns about Iran's future intentions," but added that "the agency has no concrete proof of an ongoing weapons program in Iran.

"We need transparency on the part of Iran and we need cooperation on the part of the international community," he said.

But in Geneva earlier this week, there appeared to be historic progress in talks between the Iranians and 6 world powers.

The Iranians not only said IAEA inspectors could visit the secret plant within 2 weeks, they also agreed in principle to cooperate with Russia and France on a sensitive uranium enrichment project, and announced they'd be back to negotiate further.

The deal that was struck in Geneva on Thursday represents progress of sorts, said CBS News correspondent Elizabeth Palmer. At least it shows the Iranians are willing to talk about their secretive nuclear program, but there's no doubt the really hard bargaining is about to begin.

Some analysts think the regime is counting on nuclear negotiations with the West to shore up support at home for a government whose legitimacy is not recognized by millions of its own citizens, after weeks of extreme violence following Iran's June elections.

"The message that the regime wanted to send back to Iran [is] that, no matter what you think or how we are treating you, at the end of the day the international community will speak to us and not support you," said Nazenin Ansari, Diplomatic Editor of Kayhan Newspaper.

Palmer said Western diplomats know the nuclear talks - due to start again before the end of the month - might send this signal to a discouraged reform movement.

But at the moment, they say, the priority is to make sure Iran does not develop a nuclear bomb.

Also on Sunday, ElBaradei discussed a plan to allow Russia to take some of Iran's processed uranium and enrich it to higher levels to fuel a research reactor in Tehran.

He said that there would be a meeting Oct. 19 in Vienna with Iran, the U.S., France and Russia to discuss the details of that agreement.

The Obama administration, together with the U.S. Congress, is drawing up plans for tough new sanctions if the talks with Iran show signs of faltering. Obama said the new penalties could target Iran's energy, financial and telecommunications sectors.

A congressional committee will hold a hearing Tuesday on the possibility of expanding sanctions to cover a wider range of financial transactions, including a new ban on exporting refined petroleum to Iran.

Ling Ao Simulator, Up and running...

2009-11-19T14:02:00.001+07:00

The full-scope simulator (FSS) at Phase II of the Ling Ao nuclear power plant in China has entered into service and is now being used to train operators, the simulator's supplier L-3 MAPPS has reported.

The Ling Ao Phase II simulator (Image: L-3 MAPPS)

L-3 MAPPS was awarded the contract to supply the simulator at Phase II (units 3 and 4) of the Ling Ao plant in December 2005. The company, in cooperation with Areva and Siemens, successfully delivered and installed the FSS in August 2009, following closely behind the full scope classroom simulator (CRS) for Ling Ao Phase II that was put into service in May 2009. Both simulators are located at the Daya Bay Training Centre, which also houses the Ling Ao Phase I and Daya Bay simulators.

Integrated with Areva- and Siemens-supplied DCSs, replica control room panels and stimulated human-machine interface, the Ling Ao Phase II full-scope simulator features L-3 MAPPS' advanced instructor station capabilities and Windows-based graphical simulation environment providing advanced thermal-hydraulic, reactor, balance of plant, electrical, and instrumentation and control (I&C) models for the turbine control and other miscellaneous systems not controlled by the Areva/Siemens DCSs. L-3 MAPPS said that this is its first FSS for a new nuclear power plant which is completely controlled by distributed control systems (DCSs).

The Ling Ao Phase II plant, owned by Ling Dong Nuclear Power Co, comprises the first two CPR1000 reactors that will be put into service. They are scheduled to start up in 2010. The CPR1000 is a Chinese standard design featuring a 1080 MWe three-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR), whose design is coordinated by China Nuclear Power Engineering Co (CNPEC).

Zhang Ruiqiong, vice chief engineer at CNPEC, commented: "We are very pleased with the new simulators which allow us to extend our operator training capabilities during the commissioning of the plant." He added, "The advanced simulation and DCS technology will also benefit us for overall plant and DCS design considerations going forward."

L-3 MAPPS has also won contracts to supply two simulators for four CPR1000 units planned at the Hongyanhe nuclear power plant in China's Liaoning province. L-3 MAPPS is providing the process simulation and virtual back-up panels for the new Hongyanhe simulators with Mitsubishi Electric supplying safety-related digital control systems. China Techergy is to provide non-safety digital control systems and a Beijing staging facility for testing.

Somerset prepares for new nuclear

2009-11-19T14:00:00.000+07:00

The south western English county of Somerset is engaging with new nuclear build through a consultation and a new training centre, all related to the forthcoming Hinkley Point C.

A new neighbour is planned for
Hinkley Point A and B
(Image: Richard Baker)

EDF Energy launched its local consultation on plans to build two Areva EPR units alongside four existing reactors at Hinkley Point.

Hinkley Point A was a Magnox nuclear power plant built in the mid 1960s and is now shut down; Hinkley Point B was based on Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors which are to shut down in 2016. Hinkley Point C could begin construction in 2012 and supply 6% of the UK's power supply before 2020. UK energy minister Lord Hunt said: "As we head towards a global agreement to tackle climate change, the UK needs to transform its energy sector, replacing old infrastructure with high-tech, low carbon energy sources."

EDF Energy's 'initial proposals and options' cover the immediate effects of the new power plant on the local area as well as the those of an influx of workers to local towns and villages. Up to 4800 people could be required at the peak of construction and this is bound to have both positive and negative effects within local communities. Certain rights of way would be affected and there would be extra heavy traffic and noise, although sea deliveries to a temporary jetty will avoid some disruption.

EDF's proposals to mitigate these effects are summarised in the consultation document and local people can comment until 11 January 2010. The company will then prepare an application to build and submit it to the new Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC), which will also consider the recent National Policy Statement on the need for nuclear power. EDF plans to begin preparing the site before the end of 2010, subject to separate local permission.

The IPC is meant to reach a decision within one year, and subject to a favourable outcome from the Health and Safety Executive's assessment of the EPR design in June 2011, construction could start in early 2012. The plan is for the first reactor to operate before the end of 2017 with the second following about 18 months later. They are meant to operate for at least 60 years, with about 25 years for decommissioning. EDF Energy is also seeking local views on the landscaping of the site once the reactors are completely removed.

Skills centre

Nearby Bridgewater College is preparing for an increase in nuclear work in the area. It already offers courses in nuclear decommissioning, but has recently been awarded £4 million ($6.7 million) to launch the South West Energy Skills Centre.

Part of the money will come from the South West Regional Development Agency, with the aim of providing "high quality specialist training facilities in science, engineering and specialist construction to meet industry standards for a skilled competent and safe nuclear workforce."

Another major contribution is from the Learning and Skills Council, with more still from the college itself. Magnox South Ltd has donated £200,000 ($335,000) of simulator equipment, while EDF Energy and the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority also support the project.

Modern Air Combat Weapon

2009-11-19T13:55:00.001+07:00

Many modern weapon systems are included: 18 types of air-to-air missiles (AIM-120C AMRAAM, AIM-54C Phoenix, AIM-7M Sparrow, AIM-9M Sidewinder, R-500 MAGIC, R-23R, R-23T, R-27EM, R-27ER, R-27ET, R-27R, R-27T, R-33, R-40R, R-40T, R-60, R-73, R-77);

27 air-to-ground missiles: (AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-65B Maverick, AGM-65D Maverick, AGM-65E Maverick, AGM-84A Harpoon, AGM-84E Slam, AGM-86, AGM-88 HARM, R-530, Kh-15, Kh-22, Kh-23, Kh-23L, Kh-25ML, Kh-25MP, Kh-25MR, Kh-28, Kh-29L, Kh-29T, Kh-31, Kh-35, Kh-41, Kh-55, Kh-58, Kh-59M, Kh-65);

11 types of air-to-ground rockets" (LAU-10, LAU-61, B-20, S-13, S-24, S-25, S-5, S-8, UB-13, UB-32, Hydra-70);

17 surface-to-air missiles: (AGM-78 STANDARD, MIM-104, I-Hawk, Roland, 9M38M1, 48H6E2, 5B55, 9M82, 9M83, 3M9M, Igla, 9M31, 9M333, 9M330, 9M331, 5B27, V-611);

10 surface-to-surface missiles (AGM-84S Harpoon, P-500 Bazalt, Tomahawk, P-700 Granit, Konkurs, Malutka, 9M53, 9M27, 9M55, Penquin, 9M114);

35 types of air bombs (AGM-123 Skipper, AGM-54 JSOW, CBU-97, GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-15, GBU-16, GBU-22, GBU-24, GBU-27, GBU-28, M-117, Mk82, Mk84, Rockeye, DURANDAL, BETAB-250, BETAB-500, BETAB-500SP, FAB-100, FAB-250, FAB-500, FAB-5000, GL-BOMBA, KAB-1500, KAB-500, KAB-500 T, KMGU-2, ODAB, PB-250, RBK-250, RBK-250ShOAB, RBK-500AO, RBK-500ShOAB, ZAB, ZAB-500);

12 types of electronic counter measures (ALQ-131, LANTIRN, Pavetack, Sorbcija, SPS-141, Tangazh, SHPIL, KINGAL, FANTASMAGORIA, ETHER, SKY SHADOW, BOZ-100).

CIA’s final report: No WMD found in Iraq

2009-11-18T11:51:00.000+07:00

WASHINGTON - In his final word, the CIA’s top weapons inspector in Iraq said Monday that the hunt for weapons of mass destruction has “gone as far as feasible” and has found nothing, closing an investigation into the purported programs of Saddam Hussein that were used to justify the 2003 invasion.

“After more than 18 months, the WMD investigation and debriefing of the WMD-related detainees has been exhausted,” wrote Charles Duelfer, head of the Iraq Survey Group, in an addendum to the final report he issued last fall.

“As matters now stand, the WMD investigation has gone as far as feasible.”
In 92 pages posted online Monday evening, Duelfer provides a final look at an investigation that occupied over 1,000 military and civilian translators, weapons specialists and other experts at its peak. His latest addenda conclude a roughly 1,500-page report released last fall.

On Monday, Duelfer said there is no purpose in keeping many of the detainees who are in custody because of their knowledge on Iraq’s weapons, although he did not provide any details about the current number. A U.S. official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the ultimate decision on their release will be made by the Iraqi authorities.

Warnings about Saddam’s experts
The survey group also provided warnings.

The addenda conclude that Saddam’s programs created a pool of experts now available to develop and produce weapons and many will be seeking work. While most will probably turn to the “benign civil sector,” the danger remains that “hostile foreign governments, terrorists or insurgents may seek Iraqi expertise.”

“Because a single individual can advance certain WMD activities, it remains an important concern,” one addendum said.

Another addendum also noted that military forces in Iraq may continue to find small numbers of degraded chemical weapons — most likely misplaced or improperly destroyed before the 1991 Gulf War. In an insurgent’s hands, “the use of a single even ineffectual chemical weapon would likely cause more terror than deadlier conventional explosives,” another addendum said.

And still another said the survey group found some potential nuclear-related equipment was “missing from heavily damaged and looted sites.” Yet, because of the deteriorating security situation in Iraq, the survey group was unable to determine what happened to the equipment, which also had alternate civilian uses.

“Some of it probably has been sold for its scrap value. Other pieces might have been disassembled” and converted into motors or condensers, an addendum said. “Still others could have been taken intact to preserve their function.”

Small team still in place
Leaving the door to the investigation open just a crack, the U.S. official said a small team still operates under the U.S.-led multinational force in Iraq, although the survey group officially disbanded earlier this month. Those staying on continue to examine documents and follow up on any reports of weapons of mass destruction.

In a statement accompanying the final installment, Duelfer said a surprise discovery would most likely be in the biological weapons area because clues, such as the size of the facilities used to develop them, would be comparatively small.

Among unanswered questions, Duelfer said a group formed to investigate whether WMD-related material was shipped out of Iraq before the invasion wasn’t able to reach firm conclusions because the security situation limited and later halted their work. Investigators were focusing on transfers from Iraq to Syria.

No information gleaned from questioning Iraqis supported the possibility, one addendum said. The Iraq Survey Group believes “it was unlikely that an official transfer of WMD material from Iraq to Syria took place. However, ISG was unable to rule out unofficial movement of limited WMD-related materials.”

U.S. Nuclear Weapon Enduring Stockpile

2009-11-18T11:49:00.001+07:00

The U.S. nuclear arsenal is divided into three levels of stockpile readiness. These are:

* Operationally Deployed: These are active stockpile (fully operational) weapons and mated with delivery systems such that they are ready to be used in combat. All warheads counted under arms limitation agreements belong to this category.
* Active Stockpile: Fully operational weapons, available for immediate use, whether or not they are operationally deployed. Reasons for an active stockpile weapon to not be operationally deployed include:
o Its assigned to a delivery system is not currently operational (in particular ballistic missile submarines spend one-third of their time not on patrol),
o It is a spare for deployed warheads (should a deployed warhead require maintenance, for example), and
o It is part of the responsive force -- an inventory of warheads that are kept in operational condition (tritium reservoirs installed, etc.) to permit immediate deployment (for example to upload the number of wartheads on a ballistic missile, or reloads for bomber aircraft).
* Inactive Reserve: Weapons that are kept intact, but are not maintained in operational condition. This means that limited life components are removed from the weapons and may not be available to immediately return them to service. "Limited life components" principally mean tritium-containing components such as tritium reservoirs and neutron generator tubes. Some weapons currently in this category (e.g. the W84) will be dismantled.

At the beginning of 2007 the U.S. nuclear arsenal was composed of eight types of nuclear warheads (in thirteen variant mods) that are operationally deployed, with an estiamted count of 5,736 active stockpile warheads. For the first time the 2007 Annual Report on Implementation of the Moscow Treaty listed the aggregate number of U.S. operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads which as of 31 December 2006 stood at 3,696. No official breakdown of this number is available, however if one assumes that ICBMs have 95% availability, 66% of SLBMs are on patrol, and 90% of bombers are on-duty with their full combat load, then this tally exactly matches the offical operational count.

One of the active warheads (the W87) is currently being redeployed (replacing the W62) after having been taken off of operational duty in the 1990s.

There are also 589 warheads of two types that are inactive, these are not kept in operational condition and one of these warheads (the W84) is slated to be completely dismantled.

The total number of warheads of all levels of readiness stands at 9,962 warheads. It should be pointed out that although precise numbers are cited here to keep tallies consistent and avoid cumulative rounding errors, they are in fact approximations. Even if exact numbers were available for one specific moment in time, continuing stockpile changes as a result of deployment shifts and inspection and maintenance actions causes actual numbers to fluctuate.

The total megatonnage of the deployed nuclear arsenal is about 1,430 Mt (but this is influenced by the choice of deployed weapons for bombers); for the entire active arsenal it is 2,330 Mt. The all-time high point in explosive yield was in 1960 when the U.S. held 20,491 Mt in its stockpile. The size of nuclear arsenals are often evaluated using "equivalent megatonnage" a scaling procedure that compensates for the fact that smaller explosions cause relatively more blast destructive for the amount of explosive energy released. An EMt value of one indicates the destructive effect of one 1 megaton bomb. Since most warheads in the U.S. arsenal are much less than one megaton this measure results in a larger value than the raw megatonnage. Using this measure the destructiveness of the deployed arsenal becomes 2,090 EMt, and the total active arsenal 3,405 EMt.

The United States has produced about 70,000 nuclear weapons of 72 major types since their invention. At the end of the Cold War in 1991 the United States had an active arsenal of some 23,000 weapons of 26 major types. Since that time actual nuclear warhead production has been completely shut down in the U.S., although warhead modification, retrofit, and maintenance activities continue. Much of the original nuclear weapons manufacturing infrastructure has been dismantled, and the focus of the remaining nuclear infrastructure has shifted to maintaining and extending the life of the remaining weapons, as well as dismantling surplus weapons.

The details information please go to this

From direct TV, nuclear information

2009-11-18T11:31:00.002+07:00

By using Direct TV, I know that at this time Russia was planning to build nuclear-powered spacecraft for manned missions to Mars.

According RiaNovosti news agency, Anatoly Perminov, Russian Federal Space Agency, the government stated that the Commission consider that the plan is very crucial. Yet there it is if you want to maintain a competitive advantage in the race.

Basic design will be ready in the next 2012 years. A final version will take another nine years, and will cost around 580 million USD or about 5.8 trillion rupiah for the construction, Perminov said. This will be based around a nuclear reactor megawatt capacity, which is much more powerful than a small nuclear reactor to be generating some Russian military satellites.

In other channels of DirectTV, the similar news informed that
"This project aims to implement large-scale space exploration program, including manned missions to Mars, the trip between the planets, the creation and operation of the planetary outposts," Perminov said. But he has stopped the filing of a permanent base on Mars.

President Dmitry Medvedev to support the project, and urged the government to seek funding. If the project later, it will be a huge boost for the Russian space program. Russia is currently using the Soyuz booster rockets that have been aged 40 years, and his plans to replace with better.

This is one of the benefits using Directv, I can know the latest information from around the world quickly and accurately.

The penguin shines across the loving hydrogen.

2009-11-15T00:15:00.000+07:00

The penguin shines across the loving hydrogen. this is true...do you know that???

DApet HP, iPod, dan Game portable Gratis

2009-07-19T12:37:00.000+07:00

mau dapet gratisan Gadget mutakhir dengan cara credit gratis??
nee link-nya
ga perlu banyak omong dan koment... langsung coba aja.
klik disini

Nuclear Weapon ..x-x..

2009-01-07T10:34:00.002+07:00

Nuclear weapons are the most powerful weapons in the world. The explosion of a nuclear bomb produces destruction on a scale far vaster than the explosion of a conventional bomb. And nuclear weapons can produce harmful effects that last far longer, and cover a far larger area, than the immediate effects of the explosion itself.

Nuclear weapons have been used in combat only twice, by the United States against Japan at the end of World War II. Along with the United States, Russia, Ukraine, China, France, Britain, India, and Pakistan acknowledge having nuclear weapons. Together these countries have enough weaponry to threaten all of civilization.

The world has never experienced a nuclear war, in which countries attack each other with nuclear weapons. Based on what they know about these weapons, however, scientists think that the results of such a war would be devastating. Thus nuclear weapons have had a deep and troubling effect on the world.

How Nuclear Weapons Work

The power of nuclear weapons comes from nuclear energy--energy released from the nucleus, or center, of an atom. The energy may be released in two ways: through the splitting of the nucleus, or nuclear fission, and through the joining of two nuclei, or nuclear fusion.

Fission Weapons. Fission weapons (also called atomic weapons) make use of nuclear fission to produce an explosion. In these weapons, many nuclei undergo fission so rapidly that, in effect, they split at the same time and release an enormous amount of energy. This is accomplished through a chain reaction.

A chain reaction begins with the fission of a few nuclei. Each nucleus is made up of particles called protons and neutrons. When the nucleus splits, most of these particles go to form lighter nuclei. Several neutrons are also released, along with a great deal of energy. The free neutrons strike other nuclei nearby, causing them to split and release neutrons. These neutrons in turn produce still more fission, and the chain reaction quickly builds.

Only a few materials will support a chain reaction. Fission weapons contain materials such as uranium 235 and plutonium 239. These are fissionable forms of uranium and plutonium--that is, forms that readily undergo fission. The materials used in weapons are produced in special factories.

A chain reaction also requires a certain amount of fissionable material. (Scientists use the term critical mass to describe the amount that is needed.) A fission bomb contains separate pieces of fissionable material, each too small to support a chain reaction. The bomb also contains a conventional explosive. When this explosive is set off, it pushes the pieces of fissionable material together with great force, starting the chain reaction.

Some of the materials used in weapons, especially uranium 235, are also used to produce fission in nuclear reactors. But the material in a reactor is far less concentrated than the material in a bomb. It is also arranged so that the reaction takes place in a slow, controlled way. In a bomb, the entire chain reaction takes place in less than a millionth of a second. Huge amounts of energy are released in an enormous explosion.

Fusion Weapons. Fusion bombs are often called hydrogen bombs because they depend on the fusion of many hydrogen nuclei. Fusion releases even more energy than fission (for the same weight of nuclear material). It is also more difficult to achieve. For fusion to take place, the hydrogen nuclei must be confined and heated to temperatures of millions of degrees. Because of the heat, fusion weapons are also known as thermonuclear weapons.

The conventional explosives that are used to trigger atomic bombs are not powerful enough to set off thermonuclear explosions. Instead, thermonuclear weapons use fission explosions to trigger the fusion.

A thermonuclear weapon depends on materials such as deuterium and tritium, which are forms of hydrogen that will undergo fusion more readily than ordinary hydrogen. The weapon also contains a fission bomb. The fission bomb is set off first, and its explosion produces extremely high temperatures and pressures. These forces make the deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse almost all at once, producing a massive explosion.

Kinds of Nuclear Weapons

People often speak of nuclear weapons in terms of kilotons (thousands of tons) and megatons (millions of tons). These terms refer not to the weight of the weapons but to their strength (or yield) as compared to the strength of a well-known conventional explosive, TNT (trinitrotoluene). A one-kiloton weapon produces an explosion equal to the explosion of 1,000 tons of TNT. The explosion of a one-megaton bomb releases the same amount of energy as a million tons of TNT.

The first nuclear weapons were atomic bombs with forces of about 20 kilotons or less. Today a single missile can carry a thermonuclear warhead with a yield of 25 megatons. And weapons with more than twice that yield have been built. Powerful weapons such as these are strategic nuclear weapons. They are designed to destroy cities, industrial centers, and large military installations. Strategic weapons are made to be dropped from planes or delivered by missiles, some of which can travel halfway around the world.

Tactical nuclear weapons have much shorter ranges and much lower yields. They are mostly battlefield weapons, such as anti-aircraft missiles and artillery shells that are designed for use against enemy troops and tanks. The yield of a battlefield nuclear weapon may be as little as a tenth of a kiloton or as much as several kilotons.

Most nuclear weapons are designed to explode in the air just over a target. (The explosion point is sometimes called point zero, and the target area beneath it is called ground zero.) Space-based nuclear weapons have been proposed, although such weapons have not been built. In one type, a nuclear explosion would be used to trigger an X-ray laser--a powerful, focused beam of X rays. This beam could be used to destroy enemy satellites and missiles over a wide area.

Effects of Nuclear Weapons

The effects of a nuclear explosion are so awesome that they are difficult to imagine. In 1945, a single atomic bomb destroyed most of the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and killed or injured more than half the people. A second bomb caused similar destruction in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Most of what people know about the effects of nuclear weapons was learned in these explosions and in tests conducted in isolated areas where no people live.

The effects of a nuclear explosion vary with the yield of the weapon. Scientists are still unsure of all the effects, but they know that a powerful nuclear explosion causes destruction in several main ways.

Blast. The enormous release of energy in a nuclear explosion heats the air very quickly. The hot air expands rapidly, creating a shock wave (or blast) that travels out from the site of the explosion. This blast accounts for half the energy released by the explosion. It can flatten buildings near the explosion site and cause damage for miles around. The force of the explosion can also produce a large crater in the ground.

Heat. A nuclear explosion creates a fireball with temperatures of millions of degrees. The temperatures are high enough to instantly destroy almost anything near the site of the explosion. Heat accounts for about a third of the energy released in the explosion. The heat from the fireball can set off raging fires over a wide area. Meanwhile, dust and dirt are sucked into the fireball. Because hot air rises, the dust and dirt rise with the fireball, creating a huge, mushroom-shaped cloud.

Radiation. Along with the blast and heat, large amounts of harmful radiation are released in a nuclear explosion. About half of this radiation is called prompt radiation and is mostly in the form of neutrons and gamma rays (high-energy rays that, like X rays, are very penetrating). The radiation can kill people and animals near the site of the explosion. Even several miles away, people can become sick from exposure to radiation. And radiation can produce diseases such as cancer that take years to develop.

The delayed radiation effects of a nuclear explosion can be widespread and long-lasting. The explosion produces vast quantities of tiny particles that are radioactive--that is, they continue to give off radiation. These particles coat everything within range of the explosion. They also coat the dust and dirt that are drawn into the mushroom-shaped cloud. In this way the particles enter the atmosphere, where they may be carried for many miles.

Eventually the particles fall back to earth as radioactive fallout. The fallout from a nuclear explosion could harm people hundreds of miles away from the explosion site. It could contaminate soil, water, and food supplies over large areas. And the particles would remain radioactive for a very long time, even centuries.

The radiation produced by a nuclear weapon can vary with the design of the weapon. For example, some thermonuclear weapons are considered "cleaner" than others because they produce less radioactive fallout. A type of weapon called a neutron bomb (or enhanced radiation weapon) releases less of its energy as blast and more in the form of neutron radiation. Thus a neutron bomb does less damage to buildings and to tanks and other military equipment. But its effects on people and other living things are deadly.

Generator Product

2008-12-02T09:37:00.000+07:00

World-Class Technology for Many Applications

With more than 14,000 generators shipped and over 100 years of experience, GE is a world leader in generator technology. GE generators offer high efficiency, exceptional reliability, quick and simple installation and minimal maintenance costs.

GE generators may be driven by steam, heavy-duty gas or aeroderivative gas turbines and are matched to the turbine to create an optimum system. World-class generator engineers and scientists combine their extensive experience with state-of-the-art analytical tools, Six Sigma methodology and advanced material development to deliver evolutionary and revolutionary designs.

Air-Cooled Generators

Benefiting from more than 100 years of innovation, our air-cooled generators reach ratings as high as 191 MVA with excellent safety and reliability.

Hydrogen-Cooled Generators

With more than 3,000 units in service, our complete line of efficient, reliable hydrogen-cooled generators offers ratings as high as 514 MVA for 50 or 60 Hz applications.

Liquid-Cooled Generators

Integrating time-proven concepts with modern technology, our water-cooled generators offer ratings as high as 1,600 MVA.

Generator Monitoring Products

Our generator monitoring products detect shorted turns, monitor the health of the generator field winding, diagnose generator field vibration issues and detect the byproducts of overheated insulation materials.

Valcor Nuclear Product

2008-12-02T09:25:00.002+07:00

Valcor Nuclear provides exceptional application engineering assistance for several families of products which are used primarily in nuclear plant systems. Because of the unique nature of our product, most applications involve some degree of customization or special design; tailoring our product to your particular need is our business:

	Solenoid operated valves for process applications
	Solenoid operated air pilot valves
	Check Valves and Excess Flow Check Valves
	Pressure and flow regulators
	Instrument isolation valves
	Manifolds and manifolded systems
	Venturis, cavitating venturis, strainers, and other in-line devices
	Systems and assemblies
	Hoke^® Products for ASME III or nuclear safety related applications
	Circle Seal^® Products for ASME III or nuclear safety related applications Solenoid Operated Valves Valcor provides a series of solenoid operated valves, designed to the provisions of ASME III, which are traditionally used for reactor coolant pressure boundary applications. More than 15,000 ASME III solenoid valves have been manufactured by Valcor since the early '70's. Solenoid valves are offered in several basic configurations, in sizes ranging from 1/4" to 8" NPS, and can handle a variety of liquid and gaseous media. We can accommodate a range of AC and DC voltage requirements, provide multiple position indication switches, and have several options available for sealing the body-to-bonnet interface. Valves can be normally energized open (fail closed), normally energized closed (fail open), or fail as is. Rigorous testing and analysis has been performed to demonstrate compliance with the environmental qualification requirements of IEEE 323-1974 and 1983, 344-1975, 1987, 382-1980 and 1985 and with the position of NUREG-0588 Category 1. The valves are also qualified to enveloped seismic criteria. Normally, all Valcor ASME III valves are designed to meet a qualified life requirement of up to 40 years of normal service, plus up to one year of post-accident operation. Non-metallic seals and small items of insulation outside the pressure boundary may, however, have a shorter qualified life, dependent upon ambient conditions and operational requirements. Extremely high reliability is inherent as a result of the rugged design, simplicity of operation, and minimum number of moving parts. Isolation standoffs prevent excessive heat transfer from the body of the valve to the solenoid operator, and internal parts are contoured to retard buildup of sludge and contamination. A completely enclosed and encapsulated coil insures continuous operation during a LOCA event.

Nuclear Fusion

2008-10-19T22:43:00.002+07:00

Fusion power refers to power generated by nuclear fusion reactions. In this kind of reaction, two light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus and in doing so, release energy. In a more general sense, the term can also refer to the production of net usable power from a fusion source, similar to the usage of the term “steam power.” Most design studies for fusion power plants involve using the fusion reactions to create heat, which is then used to operate a steam turbine, similar to most coal-fired power stations as well as fission-driven nuclear power stations.

(source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power)

Nuclear Reactor

2008-10-19T22:29:00.002+07:00

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion.

The most significant use of nuclear reactors is as an energy source for the generation of electrical power (see Nuclear power) and for the power in some ships (see Nuclear marine propulsion). This is usually accomplished by methods that involve using heat from the nuclear reaction to power steam turbines. There are also other less common uses as discussed below.

Although nuclear fission reactors are often thought of as being solely a product of modern technology, the first nuclear fission reactors were in fact naturally occurring. A natural nuclear fission reactor can occur under certain circumstances that mimic the conditions in a constructed reactor. Fifteen natural fission reactors have so far been found in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa. First discovered in 1972 by French physicist Francis Perrin, they are collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. Self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions took place in these reactors approximately 1.5 billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 kW of power output during that time. The concept of a natural nuclear reactor was theorized as early as 1956 by Paul Kuroda at the University of Arkansas.

Such reactors can no longer form on Earth: radioactive decay over this immense time span has reduced the proportion of U-235 in naturally occurring uranium to below the amount required to sustain a chain reaction.

The natural nuclear reactors formed when a uranium-rich mineral deposit became inundated with groundwater that acted as a neutron moderator, and a strong chain reaction took place. The water moderator would boil away as the reaction increased, slowing it back down again and preventing a meltdown. The fission reaction was sustained for hundreds of thousands of years.

These natural reactors are extensively studied by scientists interested in geologic radioactive waste disposal. They offer a case study of how radioactive isotopes migrate through the earth's crust. This is a significant area of controversy as opponents of geologic waste disposal fear that isotopes from stored waste could end up in water supplies or be carried into the environment.

Nuclear Energy ...

2008-10-19T22:04:00.001+07:00

Nuclear energy is a way of creating heat through the fission process of atoms. All power plants convert heat into electricity using steam. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when atoms split apart -- called fission. (Other types of power plants burn coal or oil for heat to make steam.)

The fission process take place when the nucleus of a heavy atom, like uranium or plutonium, is split in two when struck by a neutron. The "fissioning" of the nucleus releases two or three new neutrons.

It also releases energy in the form of heat. The released neutrons can then repeat the process. This releases even more neutrons and more nuclear energy. The repeating of the process is called a chain reaction. In a nuclear power plant, uranium is the material used in the fission process.

The heat from fission boils water and creates steam to turn a turbine. As the turbine spins, the generator turns and its magnetic field produces electricity. The electricity can then be carried to your home, so you can work on the computer, watch television, play video games, or make toast!

Explotion Of Nuclear....

2008-10-19T21:37:00.000+07:00